Louis Pasteur
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Louis Pasteur
PASTEUR, Louis (1822-95). The French chemist Louis Pasteur devoted his life to
solving practical problems of industry, agriculture, and medicine. His
discoveries have saved countless lives and created new wealth for the world.
Among his discoveries are the pasteurization process and ways of preventing
silkworm diseases, anthrax, chicken cholera, and rabies. *BR* Pasteur sought no
profits from his discoveries, and he supported his family on his professor's
salary or on a modest government allowance. In the laboratory he was a calm and
exact worker; but once sure of his findings, he vigorously defended them.
Pasteur was an ardent patriot, zealous in his ambition to make France great
through science. *BR* *BR* *BR* Scholar and Scientist*BR* Louis Pasteur was born
on Dec. 27, 1822, in Dôle, France. His father was a tanner. In 1827 the family
moved to nearby Arbois, where Louis went to school. He was a hard-working pupil
but not an especially brilliant one. *BR* When he was 17 he received a degree of
bachelor of letters at the Collège Royal de Besançon. For the next three years
he tutored younger students and prepared for the École Normale Supérieure, a
noted teacher-training college in Paris. As part of his studies he investigated
the crystallographic, chemical, and optical properties of various forms of
tartaric acid. His work laid the foundations for later study of the geometry of
chemical bonds. Pasteur's investigations soon brought him recognition and also
an appointment as assistant to a professor of chemistry. *BR* *BR* Pasteur
received a doctor of science degree in 1847 and was appointed professor of
chemistry at the University of Strasbourg. Here he met Marie Laurent, daughter
of the rector of the university. They were married in 1849. Pasteur's wife
shared his love for science. They had five children; three died in childhood.
*BR* *BR* *BR* *BR* Research in Fermentation and Souring*BR* In 1854 Pasteur
became professor of chemistry and dean of the school of science (Faculté des
Sciences) at the University of Lille. Hearing of Pasteur's ability, a local
distiller came to him for help in controlling the process of making alcohol by
fermenting beet sugar. Pasteur saw that fermentation was not a simple chemical
reaction but took place only in the presence of living organisms. He learned
that fermentation, putrefaction, infection, and souring are caused by germs, or
microbes. *BR* Pasteur published his first paper on the formation of lactic a...
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